The Entitlement Of Welfare Entitlements Essay - 1181 Words

Welfare Entitlements Our Generations have become more entitled and lack of pride in work ethics, morals and self-sufficiency has dwindled significantly. Promise of Federal Aid Programs, such as the (WIC Program), Women Infants and Children Program, Medicaid, and Snap, Supplemental Nutrition Program which has replaced AFSD, Aid to Families with Dependent Children. It was put into place to aid those that truly need a helping hand for a short period, not a lifetime pass, five years of lifetime aid, as signed into effect by President Clinton in 1996.limits have halted the entitlement of aid, requiring those who received aid to s stricter work fulfillment. Welfare Federal programs were put into place by British rule in the 1800’s. For those who were on a limited income, categories divided it such as age and health, and those who could work but was unable to find gainful employment; working in the Poor House was the only way for workers to receive aid. Service workers were formed to check on those receiving the aid. Community service was a priority and helping those to obtain work instead of using aid. Our own familiarity of the Welfare Program was developed further by President Franklin D Roosevelt, who created many of the Alphabet Programs. In the tidal wave of panic after the crash of the stock market, the investors began keeping their money close to home which forced those and other businesses to begin losing their reliable workers due to lowered production and theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Frances Welfare System 954 Words   |  4 Pages The welfare system in France is founded on the principle of solidarity. Solidarity is sense of the responsibility of the individuals in the society to help each other out. This is all for the common good (Spicker). In order to promote solidarity, France has a welfare system that includes universal entitlements, social insurance, means-tested public assistance, and tax expenditures programs. 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Health and Wellness Assignment Sample/Examples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Health and Wellness. Answer: The World Health Organization (WHO) (2002) considers health to be the total wellbeing of an individual in reference to the mental, social, physical factors, and not merely the fact that there is no disease. Rarely do individuals attain total health and wellness due to the presence of various hurdles that lead to a constant miss in one or more facets that define health. Apparently, individuals have the ability to control the negative behaviors that subsequently produces a negative effect on ones health. This paper is an application of health and wellness and associated concepts to determine the prevailing health and wellness issues and how to resolve them in a scenario where Jason suffers a car accident and had to face the implications that this accident yields in his life. Jason is not sick but is facing an unbalanced and unstable connection with his environment resulting in a reduced quality of life (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), 2010). Based on the case study, both Jason and his workplace there is no indication that Jason was given time off to get medical attention after the accident. Instead, he has been straining and has appointments with his doctor and physiotherapist. Yet, Jason is facing social issues from poor social support in the workplace that are likely to aggravate his financial and physical health issues. As Jason is waiting for compensation from the workcover, his supervisor is doubtful about his current health condition. As if having to deal with his whiplash injury and working for long hours were not enough, there is a threat of impending emotional and cognitive issues due to stress. Jasons stress is attributed to the imbalance between his condition that requires frequent check-up from the doctor and physiotherapis t yet there are inadequate resources in relation to rest and ergonomics. Jasons supervisor is not willing to provide the required social support that would have an implication on his finances if he does not express confidence in Jasons explanation of the insurers query to the insurers. In addition, according to Chinchen (2001), Jason is subjected to work stress that is likely to take an adverse effect on his self-identity and productivity. The wellness wheel is very relevant in this context because it is concerned with the psychological facet of health. In reference to the wheel of wellness by Hettler (n.d.) shown below, it is apparent that Jason is not experiencing wellness in all the six dimensions that have been indicated due to his stress as he anticipates a major financial setback if the insurers fail to pay him. In reference to the occupational wellness, Jason does not have the enthusiasm in his work due to the unsupportive supervisor and the whiplash injury that continuously causes him to experience discomfort and pain. In addition, it is clear that Jason works out of necessity since his wife is caring for their son full time and the fact that he recently bought a house places Jason under financial strain. Jason is not physically well due to the accident and even though he is doing his part to seek health care and rest, this wellness is threatened by the inquiry presented to him by his supervisor from the insurers. Jason is in a state of uncertainty as he is not sure of his financial fate; thereby, disrupting all the facets of wellness and he is not able to think rationally and come up with suitable solutions. The three realms of biopsychosocial factors according to Davidson, Campbell, Shannon, and Mulholland (2016) are relevant in this case study. Gurung (2006) shows the interconnectedness of the biopsychosocial model and adoption of health behaviors. Jasons environmental, social and psychological domains of health could result in poor behaviors that could further take a toll on his health, for example, poor sleeping patterns and associated disorders and not eating well. His socio-economic status is the reason for his current condition because he is worried about not getting paid by the insurers. Environmental factors in relation to the car accident and hostility in the workplace are a cause of poor health and wellness. These environmental factors result in stress, a facet of the psychological domain of the biopsychosocial model and relations between Jason and the supervisor do not indicate a supportive structure. In addition, even after telling his wife of his feelings towards the superv isor, the wife does not offer any kind of support to her husband Jason. Jason does not have coping tactics that would enable him to work as expected; hence, his frequent appointments with healthcare professionals and request for a week off from work. In reference to emphasizing the need for good health and wellness, I will discuss the wheel of wellness with Jason and indicate that he needs to discuss the issue with the management so that he can go back to work after he has recovered completely if he is not able to cope with the pain. Since the social element of health and wellness is pertinent, I will adopt the psychoeducational approach to reach out to Jasons workplace and family (Hudson et al., 2008). In addition, in order to help Jason through the volition phase, taking such a holistic approach is my way of reinforcing the health action process approach so that Jasons worries and fears do not result in frequent relapses (Schwarzer, 2014). I will educate the management and staff in the place where Jason works about the new public health model that is meant to bring all individuals on board in the promotion of attaining good health and wellness (Caltabiano et al., 2008). I will use the health belief model to discuss perceived se riousness so that the management understands that Jasons whiplash might get worse if he continues to strain. Jason, on the other hand, need to respond to the inquiry and attach all the required papers to prove his claims to the insurers and the management at his workplace. I will liaise with the doctor and the physiotherapist caring for Jason so that they can give a report about Jasons injury and rule out any doubt that results from the same. Jason cannot overlook his health because it would mean poorer health. In reference to the new model, Jason is not obliged to work under poor conditions. I will discuss the need of developing a health-protective program in the workplace so that unnecessary queries like those arising from the insurers are avoided. Every employer aims to obtain maximal output through optimal worker performance, which cannot be realized if the workers are not healthy. Jasons supervisor is of the perception that the accident was a minor one and queries the need for the numerous appointments and week off. Campell (2013), in his talk about pain indicates that level of pain is as simple stating am feeling pain and no one should question this claim without using valid scales to confirm the same. Therefore, during my training session at Jasons workplace, I will emphasize the need for social support to the staff when faced with such kind of disasters because lack of social support and skeptical attitudes tend to aggravate their problems. Hence, Jason had developed stress and was taking a toll on his health and wellness. According to Caltabiano et al. (2008), complying with a treatment regime is paramount and if the appointments are part of the regime, then Jason should not forego them due to external pressure from his supervisor and insurers. Jason has devised a coping strategy of integrating healthcare into his work routine, but the pain and discomfort have accelerated. Nonetheless, I will help Jason review the option of working for short durations with frequent breaks to minimize the pain and discomfort due the injury. According to Myers and Sweeney (2007), spirituality has been indicated as the central point of the wellness wheel. Therefore, I need to talk with Jason so that he can find peace and harmony in his life despite the prevailing problems. This domain of spirituality is shown to link to other In addition, helping him to cope with the negative emotions that might exude from his current condition is also my objective. Thereby, in reference to these negative reactions, I will use the cognitive strategies that have been highlighted by Dornelas, Gallagher, and Burg (2014, p. 233-234) to help Jason suppress his negative reactions so that he can accept the negative implications that might result in the event the insurance does not compensate him. In order to minimize his stress, mindfulness meditation will come in handy. As Lewis (2016) guides, training the people caring for individuals with poor health and wellness is imperative. In this case, Jasons wife is the main care-giver and there is nee d to have a session with her so that she is able to help Jason get through his current condition by encouraging him and helping him device solutions to his problem. In conclusion, it is imperative to ensure that health determinants are well tackled to avoid negative implications that affect health and wellness. Despite the fact that ones socioeconomic status is a core factor that determines exposure to other factors that influence health, collaborative effort by the community, individuals, corporations, and governments help to mitigate the effects of low socioeconomic status. Thereby, the need for involving the individuals around Jason to ensure that the psychological and social aspects help to reinforce the Jasons self-care, stress reduction strategies, and willingness to accept uncertainty. References Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). (2010). Health of Australians with disability: Health status and risk factors (Bulletin no. 83 Cat, no. AUS 132.).Canberra: AIHW. Caltabiano, M. L., Byrne, D., Sarafino, E. P. (2008).Health psychology: Biopsychosocial interactions: An Australian perspective(2nd ed.). Brisbane, Australia: John Wiley Sons. Campbell, J. (2013). Pain 8, Assessment of pain [YouTube]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2YmAdr9s0dE. Chinchen, C. (2001).Stress and the adult educator. Unpublished MEd thesis, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia. Davidson, G., Campbell, J., Shannon, C., Mulholland, C. (2016). Models of mental health.London: Palgrave. Dornelas, E. A., Gallagher, J., Burg, M. (2014). Reducing stress to improve health. In K.A. Riekert, J. K. Ockene, L. Pbert (Eds.), The Handbook of Health Behavior Change (4th ed.) (pp. 229-244). New York: Springer Publishing Company. LLC. Gurung, R. A. R. (2006).Health psychology: A cultural approach.Belmont, CA: Thomson Higher Education. Hettler, W. (n.d.).Six dimensional model of wellness. Retrieved from https://www.nationalwellness.org. Hudson, P., Quinn, K., Kristjanson, L., Thomas, T., Braithwaite, M., Fisher, J., Cockayne, M. (2008). Evaluation of a psycho-educational group programme for family caregivers in home-based palliative care.Palliative Medicine, 22(3), 270-280. Lewis, F. (2016). Caring for the caregivers [YouTube]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=duhJHedj82g. Myers, J. E., Sweeney, T. (2007). Wellness in counseling: An overview. Alexandria, VA:American Counseling Association. Schwarzer, R. (2014). The Health Action Process Approach (HAPA). Retrieved from https://userpage.fu-berlin.de/health/hapa.htm. World Health Organization. (2002).Reducing risks, promoting health. Retrieved fromhttps://www.who.int.

TCT TEL Comm TEK Company Commerce Essay Example For Students

TCT TEL Comm TEK Company Commerce Essay First, measuring from point of position of proficient competency ( indicated by past occupation public presentation ) campaigners, all of them had positive evaluations. Wallace rated as proficient and Harrison considered extremely competent and poised to travel into high-level direction. Atasi Das on a regular basis earned first-class evaluations. Jalan Bukit Seng systematically rated positive. Saumitra Chakraborty has successfully increased TCT India s gross revenues. From point of position of adaptiveness ( self-maintenance, satisfactory relationships with host subjects and sensitiveness to host environments ) Harrison, Desai, Seng and Chakraborty are good option for TCT ( TEL-COMM-TEK ) . Harrison has worked in the Asian Regional Office and traveled on a regular basis toured TCT s Southeast Asiatic operations. Desai is presently an helper pull offing manager in the big Asiatic operation and citizen of India. Seng is the pull offing manager of TCT s assembly operation in Malaysia. Chakraborty is the helper to the going pull offing manager in India. Furthermore he has outstanding Indian households and authorities functionaries along with his skillfulness in the ways of the Indian Business environment. Outline1 2. What challenges might each campaigner brush in the place?2 3.How might TCT ( TEL-COMM-TEK ) go about minimising the challenges confronting each campaigner?3 Tom Wallace4 BrettHarrison5 Atasi Das6 Ravi Desai7 Jalan Bukit Seng8 SaumitraChakraborty9 4.Should all campaigners receive the same compensation bundle? If non, what factors should act upon each bundle?10 Wallace11 Harrison12 Hyrax13 Desai14 Seng15 Chakraborty16 Direct Compensation Costss17 Company Paid Costss18 Table 1. Required compansation bundle of campaigners19 5. What recommendations can you offer to assist a company confronting this kind of determination that will enable to equilibrate professional and personal characters?20 6. Returning to stuff covered in Chapter 15, specifically that covering with the thought of a matrix organisation, do you see any benefit to naming two of the persons described here to the station? Operationally, one person would be in charge of internal personal businesss, and the other wo uld pull off external personal businesss. What might be the likely benefits and jobs with this agreement? 2. What challenges might each campaigner brush in the place? We will write a custom essay on TCT TEL Comm TEK Company Commerce specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Wallace s strong points are that he is a knowing 30-year TCT veteran and experienced in the proficient and gross revenues facets of occupation. He supported some supply concatenation enterprises in the U.S. market and presently supervises a U.S.-based operation that is similar size of India s new mill. He has superiors typically rate his public presentation as proficient and involvement in an expatriate place. However Wallace besides has weak points that linguistic communication job and no international working experience. So his major challenge will be the adaptiveness to the unfamiliar and inexperient peculiar environment. Harrison s strong points are that high competence, experience in the Asian Regional Office and good familiarity with geographics, political relations, imposts, and mentalities. But, his weak points are linguistic communication job, teenage kids educational job, and calling of his married woman. His expected challenge will be his personal job sing to his household affair. Das s strong points are first-class calling public presentation, adequate experience between staff and line places and single-status. She speaks Hindi as she was born in Indian-American immigrant household and has several household members and relations in India. Her weak points that are no international experience, deficiency of understanding Indian concern environment, and concerns about rough sexual favoritism. Her chief challenge will come from deficiency of international experience. Desai s strong points are that experience in the larger Asiatic operation, M.B.A. degree from esteemed Indian Institute of Management, and native Indian. On the contrary, his weak points are that immature kids and no working experience in his place state. His challenge will be his personal affairs about his household. .ua5a9a5913cf31c26b474541d581a9d0b , .ua5a9a5913cf31c26b474541d581a9d0b .postImageUrl , .ua5a9a5913cf31c26b474541d581a9d0b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua5a9a5913cf31c26b474541d581a9d0b , .ua5a9a5913cf31c26b474541d581a9d0b:hover , .ua5a9a5913cf31c26b474541d581a9d0b:visited , .ua5a9a5913cf31c26b474541d581a9d0b:active { border:0!important; } .ua5a9a5913cf31c26b474541d581a9d0b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua5a9a5913cf31c26b474541d581a9d0b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua5a9a5913cf31c26b474541d581a9d0b:active , .ua5a9a5913cf31c26b474541d581a9d0b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua5a9a5913cf31c26b474541d581a9d0b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua5a9a5913cf31c26b474541d581a9d0b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua5a9a5913cf31c26b474541d581a9d0b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua5a9a5913cf31c26b474541d581a9d0b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua5a9a5913cf31c26b474541d581a9d0b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua5a9a5913cf31c26b474541d581a9d0b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua5a9a5913cf31c26b474541d581a9d0b .ua5a9a5913cf31c26b474541d581a9d0b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua5a9a5913cf31c26b474541d581a9d0b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Petrys View Of Victimization In The Street EssaySeng s strong points are that experience worked in either Singapore or Malaysia and willingness to larn other linguistic communications as needed, single-status, and good public presentation with international country. In contrast, his weak points that linguistic communication job and no Indian experience. How to accommodating to different concern environment will be his chief challenge. Chakraborty s strong points are that positive public presentation evaluation, good connexion with outstanding Indian households and authorities functionaries, skillfulness in the ways of the Indian concern environment and fluid linguistic communication accomplishments including local linguistic communications and single-status. However, Chakraborty lacks direct-line and international experience and his chief challenge will come from it. 3.How might TCT ( TEL-COMM-TEK ) go about minimising the challenges confronting each campaigner? Tom Wallace Give translating service, local helper and health care support BrettHarrison Give more compensation bundle. Atasi Das Give an helper assisting her international matter. Ravi Desai Give more compensation bundle including immature kids instruction surport. Jalan Bukit Seng Give Hindi instruction and local helper. SaumitraChakraborty Give more chance to line and international experience 4.Should all campaigners receive the same compensation bundle? If non, what factors should act upon each bundle? Wallace Harrison Hyrax Desai Seng Chakraborty Direct Compensation Costss Base Salary Foreign-Service N/A Goods A ; Service derived function N/A Housing N/A Tax Derived functions N/A N/A Company Paid Costss Education High High N/A High N/A N/A Indian income revenue enhancements Transportation traveling costs High High Medium Medium Low N/A Assorted costs High High Medium Medium Low N/A Working Spouse allowance None High N/A None N/A N/A Annual place leave High High Medium Medium Medium Low Additional wellness insurance, Pension addendums, emptying coverage High High Low High Low Low Table 1. Required compansation bundle of campaigners The compensation bundle will non be same because each campaigner are in different state of affairs. Wallace and Harrison would be received more compensation as they need to travel to India with their household. In add-on, interlingual rendition service cost, kids education cost and more transportation traveling cost and assorted cost compared to individual campaigners should be included. It is expected that Wallace would lief hold of the publicity, as his current place is supposed to be eliminated in six months. This chance is the best manner he maintains his calling until his retirement, so his foreign service cost will be smaller than others. In Harrison instance, nevertheless, it is more complicated as his married woman has her ain calling. If she wants to maintain her calling, she will decline to relocate and it besides affects Harrison s determination. The more compensation should be included to do his married woman agree to relocate. Although Das has Indian background, she was born in and has lived in the United States. It is required to supply transportation traveling cost. However the sum is lower than campaigners with household. Desai and Seng besides need traveling cost, but the geographic distance is shorter than other campaigners come from the United States. Chakraborty does non necessitate to relocate and he is a individual. Therefore his company paid costs would be the least among the campaigners. 5. What recommendations can you offer to assist a company confronting this kind of determination that will enable to equilibrate professional and personal characters? Given this state of affairs, taking an exile is non simple job. Basically exiles are refering about unaccustomed foreign life and their unsure hereafter after repatriation, such as disadvantage on their publicity and losing competence. However, in this instance the campaigners are expected to advance to the higher degree of place. Therefore their major concern will non be their hereafter position in the company. Rank appliers harmonizing to the standards that the company requires from campaigners. Those campaigners have important strengths and failing. Therefore, it is of import to set up the standards more specifically. For the pull offing manager place, experience in the company, proficient competency including managerial accomplishments, linguistic communication ability and countries of expertness should be considered. Besides it is of import to look into campaigner s adaptiveness because working in different environment is wholly different affair. Then see his/her compensation bundle, efficiency compared to costs, and the capableness that the company could afford to the directors, such as orientation plans, and developing chances to heighten their ability. 6. Returning to stuff covered in Chapter 15, specifically that covering with the thought of a matrix organisation, do you see any benefit to naming two of the persons described here to the station? Operationally, one person would be in charge of internal personal businesss, and the other would pull off external personal businesss. What might be the likely benefits and jobs with this agreement? Some MNEs pursue schemes that try at the same time to cover with viing force per unit areas for planetary integrating and local reactivity. As the campaigners have important pros and cons and those are supplemented, using matrix construction could be a good solution. The key is the function of Chakraborty. He is merely candidate to the full understanding curious Indian environment. He is besides able to talk three linguistic communications including Hindi and the local linguistic communication of Bengaluru. Although Das is besides a strong campaigner from this point, established human relation and good public presentation is his privilege plus. However, he lacks of direct-line experience as he has kept the helper place since he joined the company. Although he is about well-known individual, he does non hold international on the job experience. Therefore he could be non suited for one end of the company, planetary integrating. The other campaigners worked abroad deficiency of Indian local environment. Even though Harrison is good acquainted with imposts and many exiles, making concern straight is wholly different. So naming two persons to pull off internal personal businesss and external personal businesss individually is heightening each person s strengths and addendum of those failings.

Free Essays on Primary Cause Of The Civil War

The statement, â€Å"The issue of states’ rights was the primary cause of the Civil War†, can be backed up by many facts, but can be linked back to a much a larger cause of the Civil War that begun in 1861. Other causes of the Civil War were sectionalism; which consisted of sectional interests and cultures; each region’s perceptions of the other’s intentions and the expansion of slavery. All these causes can also be linked back and are directly related to the peculiar institution of slavery. Thus, leading me to believe that slavery was the main overall cause of the Civil War, but looking more into slavery itself, the expansion of slavery was the primary cause, for the Southern states seceded as soon as Abraham Lincoln was elected President. Lincoln wanted to strip the right of new territories and states to decide on their own on the issue of slavery. A quote from the passage â€Å"Where Historians Disagree† in the textbook by James Ford Rhodes state s, â€Å"if the Negro had not been brought to America, the Civil war could not have occurred† (p. 377 American History: A Survey), rings true in my ears. There could have been differences between the North and the South without the existence and argument of expansion of slavery, but not problems large enough to lead the country to a crisis as large as the Civil War. Therefore, slavery and the argument over the expansion of slavery, which led to secession, was the primary cause of the bloody Civil War, which cost America mores lives than any other war on record. First, the roots of the issue of states’ rights versus the authority of the national government can be associated with slavery. Southern states believed that new territories should decide for themselves if they wanted to legalize slavery. Of course, this feeling was a precedent because the South wanted slavery to expand. The national government, which had a Northern majority, was mostly against the idea of giving new territories... Free Essays on Primary Cause Of The Civil War Free Essays on Primary Cause Of The Civil War The statement, â€Å"The issue of states’ rights was the primary cause of the Civil War†, can be backed up by many facts, but can be linked back to a much a larger cause of the Civil War that begun in 1861. Other causes of the Civil War were sectionalism; which consisted of sectional interests and cultures; each region’s perceptions of the other’s intentions and the expansion of slavery. All these causes can also be linked back and are directly related to the peculiar institution of slavery. Thus, leading me to believe that slavery was the main overall cause of the Civil War, but looking more into slavery itself, the expansion of slavery was the primary cause, for the Southern states seceded as soon as Abraham Lincoln was elected President. Lincoln wanted to strip the right of new territories and states to decide on their own on the issue of slavery. A quote from the passage â€Å"Where Historians Disagree† in the textbook by James Ford Rhodes state s, â€Å"if the Negro had not been brought to America, the Civil war could not have occurred† (p. 377 American History: A Survey), rings true in my ears. There could have been differences between the North and the South without the existence and argument of expansion of slavery, but not problems large enough to lead the country to a crisis as large as the Civil War. Therefore, slavery and the argument over the expansion of slavery, which led to secession, was the primary cause of the bloody Civil War, which cost America mores lives than any other war on record. First, the roots of the issue of states’ rights versus the authority of the national government can be associated with slavery. Southern states believed that new territories should decide for themselves if they wanted to legalize slavery. Of course, this feeling was a precedent because the South wanted slavery to expand. The national government, which had a Northern majority, was mostly against the idea of giving new territories...

The Mise-en-Scne of a Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The Mise-en-Scne of a Film - Essay Example Bazin believed that a film should represent a director's personal vision. His writings focused on a new emphasis, with attention to more than just the usual exploration of story-performance-theme that discussion of films routinely limited itself to or focused on. His criticisms were deep and focused on the entire message, including such things as the role of the set and props, camera movement, and the use of deep focus to depict the personality of a character. He was keen to notice how Chaplin's Tramp kicks backward instead of forward. Bazin ushered in new dimensions to film discourse. His explanation in cinema discourse was understandable by the ordinary folks at the time. These views on montage or editing and deep focus were embodied in a chapter titled "Montage Interdit" in his collection of writings, where he prefers longer takes, explaining it, and "questioned the suitability of montage as a cinematic attempt to mimic literary simile." Because of its relationship to shot blocking, mise en scene is also a term sometimes used to indicate descriptive (action) paragraphs between the dialogues. The concentration on objective reality, deep focus, and lack of montage are linked to Bazin's belief that the interpretation of a film or scene should be left to the spectator. (2) What does the term Iconography mean in relation to film, and in particular, film genres Cinema appeals to the general public and tends to depend on familiar styles and structures, what people feel or idolize, and what is the trend. Tradition and culture also play a key role in the kind of genre that is in vogue, what is popular, and appeal to a larger audience. Box office appeals are influenced by idols of the masses, and this particular type of iconography maybe on the actors, the roles they play, the setting, the plot, what they wear, and the way the film is being shot. There are many ways to present iconography in films. Actors are idolized according to the role they play in movies. Sometimes typecasting is one. Teenage stars are seen on movies sometimes not because of the role they play but because they are simply teenage idols. But various factors influence the formation of a genre. Sometimes a genre just happens or evolve out of people's continuing viewing of almost similar kind of film setting or plot, with the same kind of actors. Variations occur only on how the director or filmmaker presents the films.

Decision Making Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Decision Making Process - Essay Example On a practical note, decision making involves identifying all possible choices of solution, analyzing the pros and cons of choosing each decision and finalizing on the appropriate one. The choice of appropriateness is further befuddled by number of other aspects. The perfect choice depends on identifying the stakeholders involved in the decision, the impact of it to them, the moral values, the ethical goodness and finally, the desired result. So, decision making even in its ubiquitous explanation, involves so much complication. In addition, if there is an added pressure that human lives are at stake at every decision being made, then every simple decision needs a humongous amount of thinking and courage to be put in by the decision maker. Such is the profession of nursing where the nurses are made to make decisions, day in and day out. Over the years, the facilities and teaching processes that back the profession of nursing have improved so much that the current generations of nurses are equipped very well on how to execute any decision that is made but there is still an element of uncertainty involved in their profession – the real time decision making process. Several researches have been done and methods have been proposed that guide the nurses in these decision making processes. ... The patient was operated for inguinal hernia mesh repair and had a LMA (laryngeal mask airway) in-situ to allow him to breathe as he recovered from the operation. The problem that she encountered in this setting was when the senior nurse decided to leave her in-charge for few minutes as she had decided to take a break. The fear of facing any emergencies alone; the possibility of aftermath that she had to face in case of any mishaps and, her inexperience prompted her to make the decision of questioning the senior staff. The inquiry included a question about the repercussions of leaving an inexperienced nurse alone with a just operated patient and a suggestion of possible replacement till the senior nursing staff returns. Patterns of Knowing Barbara Carper, in 1978, established four fundamental patterns of knowing in the belief that it could help a great deal for the betterment of the nursing profession both in teaching as well as learning aspects. It becomes mandatory to give a brief description about the four patterns of knowing before divulging more about their relationships with the decision made (Carper, 1978). Empirics: The science of Nursing According to this knowing, nursing is a science where the knowledge mainly focuses on empirical data. According to Barbara, nursing in this aspect is researched and theorized in terms of factual data so that most of the empirical knowledge can be analyzed to form laws and regulations that could provide a structure to the study of nursing. There is a strong urge among the nursing practitioners and researches in identifying the structures and models of nursing. And the output of

Endothelial tight junction proteins Essay Example for Free

Endothelial tight junction proteins Essay Endothelial tight junction proteins Introduction            The endothelium is situated at the inner side of all kinds of vessels and comprises of a monolayer of endothelial cells. Inter-endothelial junctions comprise junctional complexes, such as adherens junctions (AJ), tight junctions (TJ) and gap junctions (GJ) that play essential roles in tissue integrity, barrier function and intercellular communication respectively. These junctional complexes are related to those found at epithelial junctions with notable changes in terms of certain molecules and structure.            Endothelial junctional proteins play important roles in tissue integrity but also in vascular permeability, leukocyte extravasation and angiogenesis. Dormant endothelium may be exposed to stimuli provoking leukocyte extravasation at seditious sites and propagating angiogenesis. Both activities have an intense impact on endothelial cell-cell junctions.            Tight junctions aid the major functional objective of establishing a barrier inside the membrane, by controlling paracellular permeability and sustaining cell polarity. They achieve this by constricting apical or basolateral transmembrane diffusion of lipids and they have been suggested to contribute in regulating proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells. However, the components that are involved and the signal routes concerned are unknown (Mitic Anderson 1998).            Tight junctions are made up of integral membrane proteins claudins, occludin, tricellulin, junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs), including many peripheral membrane proteins such as the scaffold PDZ- domain proteins. This review will however, focus on ZO-1 and ZONAB. Histology of endothelia junctions            The junctional structures situated at the endothelial intercellular fissure are related to those located at the epithelium; however, their formation is more inconsistent and in most vascular beds their topology is less constrained than in epithelial cells. Adherens junctions, tight junctions and gap junctions are in most cases intermingled and create a complex zonular system with disparities in depth and thickness of the sub-membrane plate associated with the junctional structure (Franke et al. 1988; Rhodin 1974). In contrast to epithelial cells, GJs are often found close to the luminal surface. Hence, the term â€Å"Apical junction† used to jointly describe epithelial TJ and AJ may not be applied to the endothelium. The endothelium forms the vascular barrier with controlled permeability properties between the blood and the underlying tissues.            Tight junctions exhibit considerable inconsistency among different segments of the vascular tree (Franke et al. 1988). This disparity composes a major evidence of vascular bed differentiation of endothelial cells and has a strong impact on vascular permeability and leukocyte extravasation. Variations concern the complexity degree of the occluding strands as well as tight junction composition.            Large Artery endothelial cells, which are exposed to high flow rates, display a well-developed system of tight junctions. Within the microvasculature, tight junctions are less complex in capillaries than in arterioles, and even less in venules. It is important to mention that, post-capillary venules are the primary site of leukocyte extravasation, and accordingly, they display a high content of permeability mediator receptors, such as those for histamine, serotonin and bradykinin. On the other hand, blood brain barrier (BBB) and the blood retinal barrier (BRB) are predominantly rich in Tight Junctions and endothelial tight junctions have been principally studied in these sites.            Endothelial intercellular realms differ from those of epithelial cells by the absence of desmosomes (Franke et al. 1988). The transitional filaments, comprised in the endothelium by vimentin molecules, are poorly connected to cell-cell contacts. However, contrary to the situation in epithelia, the vimentin filaments may be associated to endothelial adherens junctions in junctional structures similar to desmosomes, called complexus adherens.            It must be emphasized that interendothelial junctions are vibrant structures, subjected to multiple regulations. Moreover, leukocytes extravasate majorly in postcapillary venules either through transcellular or paracellular methods. Extravasation via the intercellular junction is a rapid and controlled process, through which the leukocyte is squeezed in the fissure (diapedesis), followed by rapid junction reformation.            ZO-1 is a protein located on the cytoplasmic membrane plate of intercellular tight junctions and is engaged in transducing signals at cell-to-cell junctions. ZO-1 links tight junction transmembrane proteins to a cytoplasmic plaque and the actin-based cytoskeleton (Aijaz et al. 2006; Tsukita et al. 2001). In epithelial cells, ZO-1 interrelates with the transcription factor ZONAB to regulate cells proliferation in a cell density related manner (Balda Matter 2000); however, the functions of ZO-1 and ZONAB in endothelial cells are still not clearly understood.            Unpublished work shows that downregulation of ZO-1 in endothelial cells stimulates redistribution of two transmembrane proteins; claudin-5 and JAM-A, and radical changes in the cytoskeleton affecting the localization of mechanosensor proteins and VE-cadherin role in the control of cell-cell tension.            These observations imply that one function of ZO-1 in endothelial cells is to coordinate components of the tight junction and associate them to the cortical cytoskeleton. However, it is unfamiliar whether the ZO-1 associated transcription factor ZONAB is linked to such ZO-1 effects.            Despite the fact that, ZO-1 explicitly associates with epithelial tight junctions (Stevenson et al. 1986), it has been observed that the protein appears in the nucleus in the process of proliferation (Gottardi et al. 1996). While the functional impact of the nuclear localization is currently not clear, studies reveal that these discrete subcellular distributions of ZO-1 are exquisitely sensitive to the state of cell-to-cell contact.            ZO-1 plays a major role of restraining ZONAB and regulates its accumulation in the nucleus through cytoplasmic sequestration. MDCK cells found in the epithelium exhibit two forms of this Y-box transcription factor (ZONAB) i.e. ZONAB -A and ZONAB -B which vary in a 68-amino acid supplement. Both categories of ZONAB bind to ZO-1 and link with intercellular junctions (Balda Matter 2000).            ZONAB was initially designated in canine kidney epithelial cells (MDCK) and is a Y-box transcription factor. Y-box transcription factors are multipurpose control mechanisms of gene expression and studies suggest that they play a common role in enhancing proliferation (Bargou et al. 1997). ZONAB is one of the tight junction-associated dual localization protein: it localizes to junctions where it attaches to the SH3 surface of the adaptor protein ZO-1, and to the nucleus where it regulates transcription.            The distribution of ZONAB is controlled by the cell density as it localizes to both junctions and nuclei in low density, proliferating cells, and becomes constrained to the cytoplasm in high density cells (Balda Matter, 2000). This distribution is also exhibited in its transcription activity, as ZONAB is transcriptionally vigorous in proliferating cells but inactive in non-proliferating cells. In the MDCK cells, ZONAB is necessary for normal rates of proliferation and controls G1/S phase transition (Balda et al. 2003).            ZONAB affects cell cycle development by two distinct processes: it controls the nuclear accumulation of CDK4 through a direct interaction and controls manifestation of genes encoding cell cycle regulators for example, PCNA and cyclin D1 (Balda et al. 2003; Sourisseau et al. 2006 ).            In 3D principles of MDCK cells, regular ZO-1 and ZONAB processes are necessary for epithelial cyst formation, implying that the Y-box transcription factor also controls epithelial differentiation (Sourisseau et al. 2006). Since ZO-1 and ZONAB can also relate with other types of intercellular junctions, for instance the gap junctions, in cells that lack tight junctions, it is possible that ZO-1 or ZONAB signaling is also of useful significance in other cell types other than epithelia (Ciolofan et al. 2006; Giepmans Moolenaar 1998). Aims of the study            The aim of the study is to understand the functional consequences of downregulation of ZONAB in endothelial cells, and whether and how ZONAB cross-talks with other junctional components to regulate endothelial cell migration, proliferation and angiogenesis. Currently, we are looking at similarities and differences between the phenotype of downregulation of ZO-1 or ZONAB by RNA interference. Changes in expression and localization of a given protein are analysed using specific antibodies for immunoblots and immunofluorescence. Preliminary Results            It is observed that downregulation of ZO-1 or ZONAB resulted in similar redistribution of actin and vinculin from cell-cell junctions to stress fibers and focal adhesions, respectively. However, the localization of transmembrane proteins such as Claudin-5 and JAM-A is affected by downregulation of ZO-1 rather than by downregulation of ZONAB. The localization of the polarity protein PAR-3 is changed in both conditions.            Additionally, downregulation of ZONAB causes changes in ZO-1 by immunofluorescence that needs to be tested for expression by immunoblots. Next, we will characterize other transmembrane proteins (e.g. MD3 and claudin-1), polarity proteins (PKCzeta), Rho regulators and mechanotransducers such as PAK2, Zyxin and YAP.            ZONAB is a DNA and RNA binding factor that it is involved in transcription (e.g. cyclin D1 and PCNA) in the nucleus and translation (e.g. cell cycle inhibitor p21) in the cytosol. Thus, we are also trying to identify new genes regulated. We have identified that expression of fibronectin is regulated by ZONAB. We are evaluating whether the changes in protein expression of fibronectin are due to ZONAB role on transcription or translation, using actinomicin D to inhibit transcription or cyclohexidimide to inhibit translation. Additionally, we are validating new genes identified by cDNA array analysis of endothelial cells with downregulation of ZONAB.            The tight junction localizing protein ZO-1 symptomatically forms a continuous band around the apices of well-differentiated, confluent, polarized epithelial cells in culture. However, under nonconfluent conditions, endogenous ZO-1 can localize to the nucleus in addition to the border of cell-cell contact.            ZONAB manifestation tends to be high in proliferating but low in growth-impeded MDCK cells, implying that high manifestation levels might be a necessity for cell proliferation (Balda Matter 2000).            ZONAB confines in the nucleus as well as tight junctions in proliferating cells, however, it is not noticeable in the nucleus of nonproliferating high density cells (Balda Matter 2000), proposing that accumulation of ZONAB in the nucleus might be necessary for efficient proliferation.            ZO-1 quantities are low in proliferating cells and they rise with cell density, and overexpression of ZO-1 hinders accumulation of ZONAB in the nucleus (Balda Matter 2000); hence, ZO-1 may control proliferation by inhibiting ZONAB from accumulating in the nucleus. Overexpression of ZO-1 in low density cells triggers a redistribution of ZONAB from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and reduced proliferation.            CDK4 is a major regulator of G1/s transition (Sherr 2000; Malumbres Barbacid 2001). Thus, ZONAB could control proliferation by regulating the process or the localization of CDK4. Since ZONAB binds CDK4, the nuclear pools of the two proteins may diminish in a parallel manner.            Symplekin is combined with ZONAB in the nucleus; hence, it could be argued that Symplekin modulates the transcription activity of ZONAB. Increased expression of Symplekin results in stimulation of the transcriptional suppressor ZONAB. However, it is also noted that Symplekin is absent in endothelial cells (Keon et al. 1996).            ZONAB controls cell cycle entry. ZO-1 overexpression results in a reduction in DNA synthesis, implying that entry into S-phase was distressed.            These experiments will allow understanding the role of ZO-1 and ZONAB in endothelial cells. Depending on the results, we plan to test how these two proteins are involved in endothelial stress conditions such as shear stress and high glucose. Conclusion            The collaboration of ZO-1 with tight junctions can only be significant for the stabilization of ZO-1, as opposed to attaching ZO-1 to the plasma membrane so as to constrain nuclear accumulation of related proteins. This is supported by the opinion that a truncated protein comprising only the HA-tagged SH3 domain accumulated in the Cytosol, but was adequate to decrease proliferation and nuclear accumulation of ZONAB (unpublished data).            ZONAB and ZO-1 control proliferation and the ultimate cell density of MDCK cells. Explanations that ZO-1 accumulates with increasing cell density, and overexpression of ZO-1 in transfected cells lowers the final density proposes a pattern in which ZO-1 serves as a measure for cell density whereby, on reaching the threshold level, provokes growth impediment by cytoplasmic sequestration of ZONAB and the related cell cycle kinase CDK4. It will be essential to control how the ZO-1 or ZONAB pathway associates with the other signaling methods that affect proliferation.            Vascular endothelial stress induces dysfunctions that have been implicated in many diseases such as diabetes and diabetic retinopathy. Therefore, characterization of the role of tight junction molecules in different endothelial cell behavior and functions will help us to understand the molecular mechanisms of disease pathogenesis and these findings may be implicated in prognosis and possibly to develop new treatment strategies. References Balda, MS and Matter, K 2000. The tight junction protein ZO-1 and an interacting transcription factor regulate ErbB-2 expression. EMBO J. 19, pp 2024-2033. Balda MS, Garrett MD and Matter K, 2003. The ZO-1 associated Y-box factor ZONAB regulates epithelial cell proliferation and cell density. J. Cell Biol. 160, pp 423-432. Bargou RC, K Jurchott, C Wagener, S Bergmann, S metzner, K Bommert, MY Mapara, KJ Winzer. M Dietel, B Dorken, and HD Royer, 1997. Nuclear localization and increased levels of transcription factor YB-1 in primary human breast cancers are associated with intrinsic MDR1 gene expression. Nat. Med. 3: pp 447-450. Ciolofan C, Li XB, Olson C, Kamasawa N, Gebhardt BR, Yasumura T, Morita M, Rash JE and Nagy JI, 2006. Association of connexin36 and Zonula occludens-1 with zonula occludens-2 and the transcription factor zonula occludens-1 associated nucleic acid-binding protein at neuronal gap junctions in rodent retina. Neuroscience 140: pp 433-451. Franke WW, P Cowin, C Grund, C Kuhn, HP Kapprell, 1998, The Endothelial Junction: the plaque and its component., in: N. Simionescu, M Simionescu (Eds.), Endothelial cell biology in health and diseases, Plenum publishing corporation, New York. pp 147-166. Giepmans BN and Moolenaar WH, 1998. The gap junction protein connexin43 interacts with the second PDZ domain of the zonal occludens-1 protein. Curr. Biol. 8. Pp 931-934. Gottardi CJ, M Arpin, AS Fanning and D Louvard, 1996. The junction-associated protein, zonular occludens-1, localizes to the nucleus before the maturation and during the remodeling of cell-cell contacts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93: pp 10779-10784. Keon BH, S Schafer, C Kuhn, C Grund, WW Franke, Symplekin, a novel type of tight junction plaque protein, J Cell Biol. 134 (1996) 1003-1018.Malumbres M and M Barbacid, 2001. To cycle or not to cycle: a critical decision in cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer. 1: pp 222-231. Mitic LL and JM Anderson, 1998. Molecular architecture of tight junctions. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 60: pp 121-142. Rhodin, JAG 1974, Histology, Oxford University Press, New York. Sherr, CJ 2000. The Pezcoller lecture: cancer cell cycles revisited. Cancer res. 60: pp 3689-3695. Sourisseau T, Georgiadis A, Tsapara A, Ali RR, Pestell RG, Matter K and Balda MS, 2006. Regulation of PCNA and cyclin D1 expression and epithelial morphogenesis by the ZO-1 regulated transcription factor ZONAB/DbpA. Mol. Cell. Biol. 26, pp 2387-2398.Stevenson, BR, JD Siliciano, MS Mooseker, and DA Goodenough, 1986. Identification of ZO-1: a high molecular weight polypeptide associated with the tight junction (zonula occludens) in a variety of epithelia. J. Cell Biol. 103: pp 755-766. Source document